نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق کیفری و جرمشناسی دانشکده حقوقِ دانشگاه قم، ایران، قم
2 استاد گروه حقوق کیفری و جرمشناسی دانشکده حقوقِ دانشگاه قم، ایران، قم
3 استادیار حقوق کیفری و جرمشناسی دانشکده حقوقِ دانشگاه قم، ایران، قم
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Bioterrorism, as an organized crime that endangers public health with the aim of disrupting national security, requires an efficient criminal policy centered on deterrent penalization and criminological support for victims. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach, examines the penal functions (criminalization, prosecution, punishment and enforcement) and mechanisms for supporting victims of bioterrorism in the legal systems of Iran and Egypt. Data are extracted from criminal laws, biodefense regulations, policy documents and national victimology reports. Findings show that Iran has designed a multi-layered, penal-oriented criminal policy, utilizing the criminal title of “corruption on earth” (Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code) for major threats and Article 688 (threat against public health) for limited cases, along with executive layers of passive defense and biosafety; victim support is also provided through blood money, a bodily injury fund and rehabilitation services of the Ministry of Health. In contrast, Egypt, by including biological agents under the heading of “unconventional weapons” in the Counter-Terrorism Act (Article 1 of the Act 94/2015), imposes severe penalties of life imprisonment and death penalty even at the preparatory stage and has centralized and quickly provided support to victims through the “Support Fund for Families of Martyrs and the Injured of Terrorism”. A comparative comparison indicates that the effectiveness of criminal policy depends on the penal-support link: strengthening the “scope and breadth” index in Iran’s severe criminal titles, improving the sanctions of Article 688, standardizing forensic-medical laboratories, specialized training of judges in biological victimology and Egypt’s modeling of Iran’s joint protocols for interdepartmental coordination can make the cycle of “penalization, legal proof, compensation” more efficient. Finally, it is suggested that the two countries provide a local model by codifying a joint regional protocol on "Punishment and Protection of Victims of Bioterrorism" under the Biological Weapons Convention.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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