نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجو دکتری حقوق کیفری و جرم شناسی دانشکده حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران
2 استاد تمام گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی دانشگاه قم
3 استادیار حقوق کیفری و جرم شناسی دانشکده حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Bioterrorism, as an organized crime that deliberately endangers public health with the intent to disrupt national security, demands an effective criminal policy centered on deterrent punishment and criminological support for victims. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach, this study examines the criminal functions (criminalization, prosecution, punishment, and enforcement) and victim-support mechanisms in the legal systems of Iran and Egypt. Data are drawn from criminal statutes, biosafety regulations, policy documents, and national victimology reports. Findings reveal that Iran has crafted a multi-layered, punishment-oriented criminal policy by invoking the offense of “corruption on earth” (Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code) for large-scale threats and Article 688 (endangering public health) for lesser incidents, reinforced by civil defense and biosafety executive layers. Victim support is provided through blood money (diya), the Bodily Injury Compensation Fund, and Ministry of Health rehabilitation services. In contrast, Egypt explicitly classifies biological agents as “unconventional weapons” under its Anti-Terrorism Law (Article 1 of Law 94/2015), imposing severe penalties including life imprisonment and capital punishment even at the preparatory stage, while channeling victim assistance through the centralized and rapid-access “Fund for the Families of Martyrs and Terrorism Victims.” The comparative analysis demonstrates that the efficacy of criminal policy hinges on a punishment–protection nexus: strengthening the “scope and scale” criterion in Iran’s severe offenses, enhancing sanctions under Article 688, standardizing forensic-medical laboratories, delivering specialized judicial training in biological victimology, and enabling Egypt to adopt Iran’s inter-agency protocols can streamline the cycle of “criminalization , proof , compensation.” Ultimately, it is proposed that both nations draft a joint regional protocol on “Punishment and Victim Support in Bioterrorism” under the Biological Weapons Convention, thereby offering an indigenous–global model for the Global South.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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