Obstacles to the Creation of Retaliation and their Nature in Iranian Criminal Law and the Jurisprudence of the Five Schools of Thought

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University, Iran, Ilam

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Iran, Qom

10.22091/dclic.2025.14106.1118

Abstract

Obstacles to the creation of retaliation are factors that prevent the creation of retaliation, and therefore, intentional felonies which in principle require retaliation, will be Ta’eziri if if one of these obstacles exists. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method and by comparing Iranian criminal law with the jurisprudence of the five schools of thought, the obstacles to the creation of retaliation and their nature have been examined. These obstacles can be combined with the obstacles to criminal liability, because unlike the obstacles to criminal liability, which the non-punishment of the perpetrator due to her lack of responsibility and have no connection to the specific issue of retaliation, the obstacles to the creation of retaliation are factors that, despite criminal liability, only prevent the creation and establishment of retaliation. These obstacles are objective factors that hinder the creation of retaliation, regardless of the mental state of the perpetrator, and therefore the perpetrator's knowledge and ignorance of their existence will not have an effect on this matter. Furthermore, unlike the causes of lapse, as posterior factors that abolish retaliation after its creation, obstacles to the creation of retaliation, as anterior factors, prevent the creation of retaliation. In addition, obstacles to the creation of retaliation are different from obstacles to its implementation, because in the obstacles to the implementation of retaliation, despite the creation of retaliation and its failure to lapse, the implementation of retaliation is not possible forever or for a certain or uncertain period of time, and therefore, the obstacles to the creation of retaliation can be combined with the obstacles to its implementation.

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References

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Criminal Law Doctrines of Islamic Countries
Volume 3, Issue 3 - Serial Number 11
Autumn 2026
September 2026
Pages 1-19

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